六级翻译
虚拟语气：与事实相反的
一、 if 从句：
即 主句……, if 从句……
1、倒装代替 if 从句：Had\Were\Should ……，主句……
2、but for = without(如果不是)代替 if 从句， 两个都是介词
But for \without + 名词 ，主句……
3、with + 名词 ，主句 ……
4、if only + (if 从句) 要是……该多好
二、宾语从句：
1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求) that …… shoule +do……
(在虚拟语气中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候 should 不等于 ought to)
2、I wish that ……(用虚拟语气)
三、主语从句：
1、it is +adj\n that + 虚拟
2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟
四、目的状语：
Lest 或者 for fear that + (虚拟语气)should do
五、隐藏虚拟语气：本打算做但结果没有做的
1、had hoped\intended\planned\expected\wanted\meant to do
2、hoped to have done
3、be(was\were) + to have done
4、would\should like to have done
Would have done 表意愿、将来
Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的
Could have done 有能力做
Might have done 表示猜测
Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做
六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气
有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：
1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：
⑴、 If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、 If we hadn" t made adequate preparations, we shouldn" t dare to do the experiment next week。
2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：
⑴、 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：
⑴、 If we shouldn"t have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
⑴、 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
⑵、 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去
⑴、 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。
(从句说明现在，主句说明过去。
)
7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在
⑴、 If you hadn"t lent me some money, I couldn"t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
(1) You wouldn"t know. 你不会知道。
(2) I would like to come. 我愿意来。
(3) I wouldn"t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。
(4) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。
条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况
在 if 引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、 be 或 have 的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。
1). 原句：
If she were younger, she would do it.
去 If：
Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词 were 移到主语 she 的前面 )
2). 原句：
If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去 If：
Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had 移到主语 he 的前面 )
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn"t do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。
如果虚拟条件句中有 were, had 或 should 时，把它们放在 if 的位置上 ;但是如果条件句中没有 were, had 或 should 不能用倒装。
⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢 ?
⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。
⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。
在 "开放式条件句 "和让步状语从句中 should 是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if省略，动词 be 与主语的位置要倒装。
⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。
)
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。
)
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife.
[A]Were she rich or poor
[B]Being rich or poor
[C]Be she poor or rich
[D]Whether is she poor or rich
注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语 (otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。
⑴、 We didn"t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
⑵、 Without you help, I wouldn"t have achieved so much.
⑶、 But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：
1. I could help you. (只有主句 )
2. If I had time. (只有从句 )
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句 ) 4. If he had much more money. (只有从句 )
语序
1) 定语位置的调整
汉语的定语，无论是单用还是几个连用，通常都放在所修饰的名词之前。而在英语里，单词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的中心词之前，词组，短语和从句作定语时，则放在所修饰的名词之后。汉语的定语译成英语时，有的可能是单词，有的可能是短语，有的可能是从句。对这些成分的安排，要依据英语的语言习惯来处理。反之亦然。
例 1 实现我国社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。
译文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.
汉语中作"现代化"定语的"社会主义"在英语中只需要一个单词 socialist 就可以表明，按照英语的习惯，放在所修饰的中心 modernization 之前。但是原文中"我国"翻成英语就不是简简单单的一个词了，而是一个介词短语 of our country，置于中心词"现代化"之后，成为后置定语。英译时，"任务"的定语"努力完成的"是一个从句 that we must do our utmost to fulfil，按照英语习惯，应放在所修饰的中心词 task 之后。
例 2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.
译文: 她很高兴能够遇到那幅画的艺术家。
全句的宾语是"艺术家"，英语里修饰 the artist 的成分在 the artist 之后，这是英语表达习惯所规定的。但是转换成汉语时，就必须把定语修饰成分提前到中心词"艺术家"之前。
2)状语位置的调整
汉语中状语习惯于放在主语之后，谓语之前。但有时为了强调也可以放在主语之前。英语中状语的位置要灵活得多。就单词状语而言，它可以位于句首，句中，句末。较长的状语常被置于句首或句末，句中的情况极少。因此，在汉英，英汉互译时，状语位置的变换调整极为复杂。
例 3 上星期五我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。
译文：We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.
原文中，"上星期五"放在句首，并且在"那家新餐馆"之前，而译文中却将时间状语和地点状语的位置颠倒了过来。这样一来，既准确地表达了原文意思，又符合了英文语序习惯。所以我们可以得出结论：英语里如果句子既有地点状语又有时间状语，一般地点状语在前，时间状语在后。汉语里则往往把它们置于句首或谓语前，而且通常时间状语在地点状语之前。
1) 分句法
把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
例 1 八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。
译文: It was in mid-August,and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.(一个单句拆分成了一个并列复合句)
例 2 他为人单纯而坦率。
译文: He was very clean.His mind was open. (一个单句拆分成两个简单句了)
例 3 The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child.
译文: 母亲谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。(形容词被拆开)
例 4 I wrote four books in the first three years ,a record never touched before.
译文: 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。(名词短语拆开)
2)合句法
把原文中两个或以上的简单句，主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。
例 5 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。
译文:She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.(多个简单句合成一个单句)
例 6 他们有遵守交通规则，机器出了故障。
译文：His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.(并列复合句合成一个单句)
例 7 When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
译文：我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。(主从复合句合成一个单句)
高分必备金句
七)开篇
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.
7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
8) According to a recent survey, ...
9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
八)结尾
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thorough
9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...
10) Taking all these into account, we ...
11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear
My View on Online Education.
1. 目前网络教育形成热潮
2. 你认为这股热潮形成的原因
3. 你对网络教育的评价
My View on Online Education.
Being online is no longer something new or fresh in our life. To some extent, it has become part of our daily life. We can do a lot of things online, such as searching for information and communicating with friends far away. But recently another helpful online activity has become very "in". That is online education.
Why could online education be so popular within such a short period of time? Among other reasons, the quick development of the Internet should be an essential one, which makes all our dreams of attending class in the distance possible. Another underlying reason is the quick development of both society and technology. Today, modern science and technology is developing with fantastic speed. To catch up with this development we all feel an urgent and strong desire to study. However, due to the great pace of modern society, many people are too busy to study full time at school. Online education just comes to their aid.
Personally, I appreciate this new form of education. It"s indeed a helpful complement to the traditional educational means. It can provide different learners with more flexible and versatile ways of learning. Best of all, with online education, we can stick to our jobs and at the same time study and absorb the latest knowledge..
On a Harmonious Dormitory Life.
You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况;
2. 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性;
3. 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活。
On a Harmonious Dormitory Life
Dormitory life is an indispensable part of college life. But sometimes the harmony in the dormitory be disturbed in one way or another.
As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. On one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.
There are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. Firstly, you have to evaluate your life-style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any. Secondly, when an annoying situation arises, you"ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist. Thirdly, you"ll have to share with each other and make good friends.
In conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake
of good study and good life.
Traffic Jam.
１．在现代社会，城市交通问题变得越来越严重
２．城市交通问题的表现以及对人们生活的影响
３．解决的方法与措施
Traffic Jam
There is no doubt that traffic congestion becomes a growing worry for the residents of most urban areas. Some major roads are regularly choked with traffic in rush hours. The limited transport capacity contributes largely to the vexing problem. How to solve the headache?.
The existing solutions to traffic jam mainly aim at creating metro bus systems and broadening major roads. Widening the existing roads can solve traffic snarls on some level. Soaring car ownership compounds the chronic annoying problem, so we must sharply reduce the heavy reliance on cars and drive a shift to the mass transportation. It is a cheap and good way. We can create a system of customized bus routes and highlight the development of subways, trolleys and light rail. The effective combination of these solutions will enable the urban areas to possess a smooth traffic.
Credit Cards.
1. 越来越多的人使用信用卡， 信用卡有哪些好处
2. 信用卡的弊端
3. 你自己的观点
Credit Cards
Personal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial institutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards, otherwise known as "plastic money", are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to "buy now, pay later", and many see this as an advantage.
But people need to be careful. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to purchase goods that they do not really need, and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest, which exacerbates the problems for these people.
However, used wisely credit cards can improve the quality of people"s lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled, they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has gone.
Social Practice.
a) 社会实践的作用 b) 可能产生的问题 c) 提出建议
Social Practice
Social practice has been more and more popular in universities and colleges. Students are asked to enter society and get some idea of it.
Surely social practice has many advantages. Firstly, social practice can offer students a chance to contact society and meet different kinds of people. In this way students can gain some valuable social experience, which will be useful to their future career. Secondly, students can
apply what they have learned in class to practical work, thus knowing themselves more clearly. Thirdly, social practice can bring them some financial reward and make them more independent of their family.
However, some problems may arise if no correct guidance is made. For example, some students get overly interested in social practice and want to work full-time and earn money, thus neglecting their studies. And some students are likely to get in touch with the dark side of society, which will affect their future studies.
In order to carry out social practice smoothly, students should first know its objective. They should put their studies in the first place and see social practice just as a useful supplement, so they ought to try to strike a balance between social practice and their studies.
Lectures or Discussions.
1． 一些学生赞成讲座式教学 2． 另一些学生偏爱讨论式教学 3． 你的看法
Lectures and Discussions
There is a heated debate over the role of lectures and discussions in the classroom. Some people believe that lectures can help students learn more quickly. In contrast, others hold that discussions can stimulate students to learn by themselves.
Those who hold the first opinion suggest that students attend more lectures. In their view, by giving lectures teachers help students master the knowledge they"ve accumulated over years of study and research. However, others think that in a discussion, the teacher usually guides the students instead of dominating them. They argue that to get involved in a discussion, students have to develop their ability to analyze problems independently.
In my opinion, I stand on the side of neither idea. First of all, either method has its disadvantages. Furthermore, each student has his or her preference. Thirdly, lectures ate preferable to discussions in the teaching of science subjects, and on the contrary, discussions are preferable to lectures in studying the humanities. Therefore, we should adopt different teaching methods according to different subjects
Pollution: An Increasing Concern in China
1． 中国的污染的现状 2． 造成污染的原因 3． 解决的办法
Pollution: An Increasing Concern in China
It is reported that ten big cities in China are being ranked among the top twenty cities with the highest pollution index in the world. This means it is high time we did something to bring the situation under control.
Many factors are contributing to the deteriorating situation: industrial wastes pumped into the air, the lakes and rivers; a increasing number of automobiles crowding into the streets; the widespread use of plastic bags etc.
To my view, stiffer laws and regulations must be implemented to check pollution. Industries that release wastes without permission should be heavily fined. Cars should be equipped to minimize the exhaust they release into the air. And the use of plastic bags and disposable meal boxes should be banned. What"s more, the media should play an important role in implanting a sense of environmental consciousness into people"s mind.
If everybody works toward a common goal of making the environment better, we can create a cleaner and lovelier world for us and for the coming generation.
Choosing an Occupation.
1. 选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。
2. 需要花时间去选择职业。
3. 选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。
Choosing an Occupation
One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time they are six years old "know" that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job.
Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.
推荐访问:六级